Project 202 betting trends

Open in a separate window ns, non-significant. Finally, we tested if those who started gambling between the two time points i. The results showed that those who started to gamble between and were more likely to have difficulties to make ends meet Discussion The sudden collapse of the three major banks in the beginning of October in Iceland started a major financial crisis in the country that dominated the public discussion in the media.

The first 3 years of the crisis, from to , thus consisted of substantial changes in the society, including considerable decreases in the living standards of the population. The economic crisis in Iceland therefore created a unique opportunity to also look at the effects of the economic collapse on gambling behavior using two study designs, a repeated cross-sectional study Olason et al.

Gambling Behavior As expected, the findings of the follow-up study in general confirmed the findings of the repeated cross-sectional study Olason et al. Further, there were no changes in betting on the outcomes of sport events sport pools, sport betting , poker or Internet gambling but a significant decrease in EGMs participation. It is noteworthy that increases in gambling during economic recession was only found for lotteries e. Further, examining potential gender differences in total gambling and in different gambling types over time revealed no significant differences for men and women.

This lack of significant interaction effects can be explained by the fact that meaningful changes over time were only found for gambling types, where past studies have shown small or no differences between male and female participation Olason, , ; Olason et al.

Participation in gambling types such as EGMs, sport gambling, Internet gambling, or poker, typically preferred by males, did, however, not change during the recession. Thus a lack of gender differences in changes of gambling participation over time is probably based on the fact that both genders equally increased their participation in gambling types that typically show little gender differences overall.

Thus motivations for gambling may differ and can vary depending on individual preferences. Common motivations for gambling reported in the literature are related to winning money, entertainment, enjoyment, excitement, escape, social interaction, and supporting charities Ariyabuddhiphongs, ; Binde, Other factors that also might be important are the time invested in the gambling activity, knowledge required to play the game and the perceived risks associated with a certain gambling type Eakins, To gamble on sport events and poker requires both time and knowledge and earlier Icelandic studies have shown that people perceive EGMs, poker and sports gambling as more addictive than lotteries Olason, , Taken together, lotteries not only take a relatively short time to play and require little knowledge, but are also perceived of as low-risk gambling activities.

In fact, lotteries are ubiquitous and thus individuals tend not to regard them as gambling, but rather as a form of a leisure activity Ariyabuddhiphongs, Further, the added benefits of lotteries encompass that playing requires only a small initial stake and a possibility although very small of winning large jackpots.

It is therefore perceivable that lotteries are regarded as a more acceptable type of gambling during recessions, when money is scarce. This is in fact supported by our findings: Participants who experienced financial difficulties during the recession were overall more likely to have bought lotto- or scratch tickets than those who did not experience financial difficulties. These results remained after controlling for demographics gender, age, and education and, more importantly, for past gambling activity.

These findings therefore suggest that when people are experiencing financial difficulties during an economic recession they perceive the possibility to win large jackpots with low initial stakes as means to improve their financial situation. This line of argumentation is also supported by the finding that those who did not gamble in but did so in new gamblers were more likely to report financial difficulties than those who did not gamble at all.

The reported association between financial difficulties and lottery gambling found in the present study is further supported by empirical results of other studies that have also reported significant links between lottery play and income levels Ariyabuddhiphongs, ; Barnes et al.

For example, Welte et al. Earlier, Kearny reported that with the introduction of state lotteries in the United States households expenditure on non-gambling items e. In additions, similar associations with income have been reported in the United Kingdom Grun and McKeigue, and Thailand Ariyabuddhiphongs, Collectively, the results of these studies lead to the conclusion that during an economic recession people tend to continue or even increase their participation in lotteries but decrease their participation in casino type games, including EGMs.

A detailed examination, testing for interaction effects between time and different background variables also revealed no differences in problematic gambling over time for gender, age, or education. These findings are different from those obtained in the repeated cross-sectional study where problematic gambling rose from 1.

However, it is important to note that the increase in problematic gambling in that study was prominently found among to year-olds see p. Thus, one probable reason for the differences between the studies might be linked to a maturing out effect for problem gambling. Empirical support for this idea can be found in longitudinal studies on youth to young adulthood Slutske et al. Stability of Problem Gambling Groups Prior studies on the stability of problem gambling tendency to stay at the same diagnostic level over time or intra-individual stability in non-treatment samples suggest that instead of stability, problem gambling is a fluid condition with multidirectional pathways.

That is, movement between problem gambling categories over time are rather common among all age groups, but more often in direction of improvement than worsening of symptoms e. Although this was not one of the main aims of the present study, the prospective nature allowed us to examine the stability of problem gambling categories in a population-based sample over a 3.

The trend also suggested improvement rather than worsening in symptoms as the majority of low risk gamblers in had transferred to the non-problem gambling group However, the overall problem gambling prevalence did not change over the 3. Taken together, these results, although only based on small case numbers, support prior findings suggesting that problematic gambling in non-treatment samples reflects a pattern of transition and, for the more severe cases, the general trend reflects a decrease instead of stability or an increase in gambling-related problems over time e.

There are some limitations of this study worth noting. Firstly, the data is based on self-reports that have the well-known potential limitations related to recall bias among respondents and the possibility that individuals are in general inclined to give deceptive or social desirable answers due to the sensitivity of survey questions. However, response rates in surveys among the general public are declining and retention rates in follow-up studies are dropping e.

The same problem seems to apply to gambling studies e. For example, a recent meta-analytic study including published and unpublished international gambling prevalence surveys from to found a significant negative association between survey year and response rates.

Further, they reported an average response rate for studies using telephone interviews of only Although the overall response rate of the present study might seem low, it certainly does not differ from the average response rates of other gambling studies see Williams et al. However, the attrition rate are a matter of concern for the current study and other gambling studies with longitudinal design e. Conclusion The present results show a considerable increase in gambling behavior over a 3.

Certainly, a possible alternative explanation for this trend might be if there were some significant changes in the Icelandic gambling market during the time period of the study, such as new gambling products or increased gambling opportunities.

However, the legal gambling market in Iceland remained stable throughout the period, that is no new gambling products were introduced and the availability of existing gambling products did not increase in any way e. Our conclusion therefore is that the finding that there is a strong temporal association between individual financial difficulties during such crisis and increased participation in lotto and scratch tickets and the fact that a higher percentage of new gamblers started gambling during the economic crisis report financial difficulties than non-gamblers bolster the claim that economic cycles as a macrosocial factor and individual gambling behavior are strongly related.

Finally, the findings of this follow-up study also extend earlier evidence from repeated cross-sectional studies from Iceland, the United States, Sweden, and Ireland that collectively illustrate that lotteries are recession-resistant but casino gambling including EGMs and parimutuel betting are not.

In future, longitudinal studies with a broader time frame between measurements need to be conducted to clarify the stability of this relationship. Author Contributions All authors were actively involved with this research paper and all contributed to the writing of the paper.

DO is responsible for the data collection, data analysis, and writing of the paper. TH was involved in the overall planning of data analysis and writing of the paper. GM was involved with the writing of the paper and overall planning of the data analysis. TB did statistical analysis and contributed to the writing of the paper.

Bold backgrounds have made an unexpected comeback in time for But remember to use bright backgrounds sparsely. They are meant to make the information on a page stand out, not drown it. Return to Table of Contents 4. Icons have long been a powerful marketing tool. They share messages at a glance and are universally acknowledged. Sprout Social has taken the colorful route with its icons. Note how the brand combines the colorful icons with bold backgrounds.

The contrast is startling and engages the eye immediately. Most icons mean the same thing in multiple languages. This makes them an easily accessible way to reach audiences. There was a heavy focus on stock photos and images a few years ago. But illustrations are making a comeback. These illustrations from Toolbox HR are certainly a joy to look at. The brand is really leaning into colors with its visuals. Flat and 3D icons and illustrations are being used across the board.

The primary connection between them is how colorful they are. This short video from Pipedrive demonstrates how important color has become in the marketing sphere. With just three colors, the illustrative video looks bright and catches the eye. Most importantly, it gets the message across to anyone scrolling through their timeline.

Databox is another brand that has embraced a few of the graphic design trends of The company has started using colors in a big way. You can see the hues in its backgrounds, icons, and illustrations. We also love how the site is using diverse people icons in its headers. Salesforce has also been using a wide array of colors for its illustrations, as you can see in this post.

The colors are used strategically, in chairs, shirts, and plant pots. The background colors are more in keeping with the muted shades of last year, but most of the icons pop off the screen. This is the kind of illustration that will have even the most ardent doomscroller stopping in their tracks.

They also need to reflect the central message of your blog posts, social media posts, or infographics. We also have over diverse icons for your people infographics , completely for free. Return to Table of Contents 5. Serif fonts Serif fonts made a comeback for These classical type fonts have been in existence for centuries. They can look outdated sometimes, which is why we see them falling out of favor.

But serif fonts are also elegant fonts. They look stylish and nostalgic. But more importantly, because brands so often use sans serif fonts, any serif font immediately catches the eye, like in this eBook example. One brand that has embraced serif fonts over the past year is Intercom. The brand has also been using serif fonts for its podcast series.

Mailchimp has adopted serif fonts for its brand for a while now. Serif fonts look dependable and calming, which is what users need to see right now. Mailchimp has paired its brand fonts with the right visuals on its homepage to create that effect. Users in the B2B sector want to connect with brands that are trustworthy.

This is especially true in the volatile environment we currently live in. Brand consistency is crucial in an online space that is overwhelmed with content. Mailchimp has found the formula that makes them recognizable. Even Shopify has embraced the serif font trend for some of its Instagram posts. Fashion brands often use serif fonts in their marketing visuals. And we have a whole guide on how to choose the right fonts for your designs.

Return to Table of Contents 6. Branded memes Everyone loves memes. Or at least, they love to hate memes. And everything can be turned into a meme. Some memes tend to catch on faster than others. Viral memes do have a short lifespan, though. They can fizzle out within a day, or even within a few hours. But some memes are everlasting and continue to be recognized years later. As with fun data visualizations, the state of the world in and impacted how brands use memes.

This has given rise to one of the most fun graphic design trends of branded memes. Posts like this one from Shopify are becoming the norm, even in so-called serious niches. The reason why this meme works is because of its simplicity. The actors and the context may not be relevant in a few months. But the visual is so simple that it conveys the story the brand is trying to tell. The visual also needs to stand on its own. The best memes say plenty without any context.

You can find inspiration from Foundation Inc. The marketing brand has been choosing the best memes for its social media. The context is obvious. For example, should you have watched Ancient Aliens to understand the fourth meme? You can tell that the man in the visual is trying to say something he thinks is profound.

Of course, knowing the context makes the meme infinitely funnier. Sprout Social took a different approach to the meme format in There was an online trend about describing attributes associated with Zodiac signs. The social media brand shared this business-relevant meme. Buffer has also been getting into the meme game with this grid. SEMRush embraced the format and brought it into the world of marketing offices. Zapier took the meme format to an interactive level. What a fun way to improve engagement and lighten the mood!

Over on Instagram, Zapier continued to keep things light with this recently popular Star Wars meme. Memes are fun and engaging. They share universal messages which make them an easy visual to adapt to your business needs. The important thing to remember with this graphic design trend is avoiding overuse. Memes can become stale very quickly. Use a variety of visual tools and pepper in memes from time to time.

A handful of years ago, quotes were all the rage. Inspirational quotes from marketing gurus, business tycoons and experts were everywhere. Then people started getting frustrated with the same quotes showing up all the time. Or worse, being forwarded to them by over-eager relatives. This quote serves as social proof. But it also shows that LinkedIn is engaging with its community. Instead, the quotes being shared in marketing visuals have more to do with education than inspiration.

The post includes a quote both in the text and in the visual. This gives users plenty of context. Which is exactly what this campaign was geared towards. Keap has been using quotes from its customers as social proof. Teamwork has also been using customer quotes for its social media visuals. A strong quote, paired with an image of a real person, is great for social proof. Buffer has been using quotes from blog posts as a teaser.

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