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Matches also are rigged to propel a team into a higher-ranking division where it can earn more revenue. Soccer officials are well aware that repeated match-fixing will undermine the integrity of their sport, driving away sponsors and reducing the billion-dollar value of lucrative TV contracts. Computer experts working for FIFA and UEFA -- the European soccer body -- monitor more than 31, European games and thousands of international matches every year, trying to sniff out the betting spikes that can reveal corruption.

So far, however, sports authorities are "proving to be particularly helpless in the face of the transnational resources" available to organized crime, according to a study on match-fixing. The report warned that the risk of soccer "falling into decay in the face of repeated scandals is genuine and must not be underestimated. It has also infected sports like cricket, tennis, horse racing and even volleyball. The U. Still, nothing approaches the scale of the allegations now hitting soccer because of the sheer number of games played and the enormous Asian betting interest in European games, according to David Forrest, an economist at the U.

That follows 51 worldwide bans last year -- 22 of them for life. Eaton attributes the surge in match-fixing to an exponential rise in online gambling -- "at least percent, and likely far more" -- in the last decade. Criminals have targeted every level of the game: the World Cup, regional tournaments such as the Champions League, high-powered divisions like England's Premier League and Italy's Serie A, "friendly" exhibition contests between national teams, all the way down to semipro games.

Match-fixing has also branched out from traditional hotbeds of corruption -- Asia and the Balkans -- to places like Canada, Finland and Norway, among the least corrupt nations in the world. And with the rise of online spot betting -- wagers made during the game -- criminal gangs can also make money on bets like how many goals are scored, when they are scored, or who will take a penalty kick.

These live bets can "be particularly advantageous for criminals," according to Forrest's report, because they increase the number of wagers placed on the same fixed game. The vast majority of the world's wagering originates in Asia, according to Forrest, but its own bettors shun that continent's games because Asian soccer has been so corrupt for years.

In , China's main TV network refused to broadcast the country's soccer games because match-fixing was so widespread. An American diplomatic cable released by WikiLeaks quoted the U. Embassy in Bulgaria as reporting that "Bulgarian soccer clubs are widely believed to be directly or indirectly controlled by organized crime figures who use their teams as a way to legitimize themselves, launder money and make a fast buck. Serbian player Boban Dmitrovic says he saw many times where two Serbian clubs simply agreed upon the outcome in advance.

They had to cooperate because their careers would be jeopardized," Dmitrovic told FIFPro, the soccer players' union. Yet a study of eastern Europe by the FIFPro union portrayed a region where players often are not paid for months and are intimidated, blackmailed or beaten up. Many said they had been approached by match-fixers -- an average of In Russia -- host of the World Cup -- about 10 percent of players had been approached to throw a game.

There is also a shift in the traditional match-fixing scenario in which players are paid to lose or referees are paid to make sure one team wins. With the rise of online spot betting — wagers made during the game — criminal gangs can predetermine not only the outcome of the match but also make money on bets like how many goals are scored, when they are scored, or who will take a penalty kick. These live bets can "be particularly advantageous for criminals," according to Forrest's report, because they increase the number of wagers placed on the same fixed game.

Advertisement ——— As former Balkan warlords and Chinese businessmen have discovered, owning a club means players don't need to be paid extra to fix matches; they can just be ordered to lose. Corrupt team officials have also dangled career advancement instead of money before vulnerable young players. Embassy in Sofia as reporting that "Bulgarian soccer clubs are widely believed to be directly or indirectly controlled by organized crime figures who use their teams as a way to legitimize themselves, launder money and make a fast buck.

In July , Fenerbahce President Aziz Yildirim was convicted of fixing four of those games and bribing to influence the outcome of three others. He did it by promising rival players a roster spot or arranging for referees who would favor his team.

Yildirim was one of 93 people who went on trial in Turkey last year for match-fixing — and only 14 of them were players. Advertisement Serbian player Boban Dmitrovic says he saw many instances in his home country where two clubs simply agreed on the outcome in advance. They had to cooperate because their careers would be jeopardized," Dmitrovic told FIFPro, the soccer players' union.

This "chairman-to-chairman method" of match-fixing is still common in Russia, Albania and the Balkan nations, according to Forrest's sports corruption report. In , China's main TV network refused to broadcast the country's soccer games because match-fixing was so widespread.

Advertisement In Finland, eight African players with ties to a Singapore crime gang were banned in for match-fixing. Their handler, Wilson Raj Perumal, was convicted of fixing games in Finland and is being investigated for allegedly fixing other matches in Europe and Africa. On Dec. In Finland, eight African players with ties to a Singapore crime gang were banned in for match-fixing. Their handler, Wilson Raj Perumal above , was convicted of fixing games in Finland and is being investigated for allegedly fixing other matches in Europe and Africa.

Right before the game starts, gangs unleash a torrent of bets, sometimes employing hundreds of poor workers on laptops. The wave hides the mastermind of the bet. If there is live wagering — on what the score will be at halftime or other topics — several bets can be made on the same fixed game.

Ninety or so minutes later, the bettors hand over their winnings to the boss. Yet a study of eastern Europe released last year by the FIFPro union portrayed a region where players often are not paid for months but instead are intimidated, blackmailed or beaten up. Many said they had been approached by match-fixers — an average of In Russia — host of the World Cup — about 10 percent of players had been approached to throw a game. Advertisement In four nations — the Czech Republic, Greece, Russia and Kazakhstan — at least 43 percent of players said they knew about tainted games in their leagues.

Almost 40 percent of the eastern European players who reported being asked to fix a game also said they had been victims of violence. Zimbabwe's national team players were threatened at gunpoint in the dressing room and ordered to lose matches by their own soccer officials in , the country's new federation chief, Jonathan Mashingaidze, said in an interview in December. Sometimes the threat comes from a teammate. In Italy, a goalkeeper under heavy pressure from organized crime to fix a game in resorted to drugging several of his teammates so they would play badly.

They did — and one even crashed his car after the match, prompting a police investigation that uncovered the fix. That led to repeated demands by the fixer, a well-known former coach who used to drink at the same bar as Cizmek's team. It was a classic case of a trusted acquaintance approaching a player to throw a match — a method that Forrest's report says is used often.

Advertisement Now broke, unemployed and divorced, Cizmek has been sentenced to 10 months in jail by a court in Zagreb. In a Jan. FIFA has been trying to improve its referee ranks with more training and taking proactive measures such as paying referees with checks instead of cash. Dmitrovic said when fixed games in Serbia were not going according to plan, corrupt referees would step in with questionable calls to "achieve the desired result.

Gambling on sports generates hundreds of billions of dollars a year, and up to 90 percent of that is bet on soccer, Interpol chief Ronald Noble told the AP in an interview. In , two friendly matches in the Turkish beach resort of Antalya — one between Bolivia and Latvia, the other between Bulgaria and Estonia — appeared suspicious when all seven goals came from penalty kicks awarded by referees. FIFA banned the six eastern European officials involved in those games for life.

Advertisement Noble, the Interpol chief, agreed. Interpol organized other raids in and , but does not make arrests or conduct national investigations itself. Schenk and the players' union say soccer authorities must also make sure their own ranks are free of corruption.

One World Cup ticket scandal was linked to the family of a senior FIFA vice president while the former head of Zimbabwe's soccer federation is accused in a corruption scam.

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